The decisive moment in the decline of Old English came with the Norman Conquest of 1066, when William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded England and defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The Normans brought with them Old Norman French, which soon became the language of the ruling

The Christianization of England, beginning with the mission of St. Augustine of Canterbury in 597 AD, brought profound changes to Old English. Latin became the language of the Church, learning, and diplomacy. As a result, Old English absorbed many Latin loanwords, especially for religious and schola

Introduction The English language, now spoken by over a billion people worldwide, has undergone remarkable transformations over the centuries. Among its earliest forms is Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon, the language spoken in England from roughly the mid-5th century to the mid-12th centur

The story of Fredegund and Brunhild is more than just a tale of two powerful queens—it is a reflection of the brutal, unstable nature of early medieval politics. Both women have been vilified and celebrated over the centuries. Fredegund is often portrayed as a Machiavellian villainess—br